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The problem of the active citizen: conservative reactions to the French Revolution in Britain

机译：活跃公民的问题：对法国大革命的保守反应

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Abstract. This paper seeks to summarize and comment on the main writings in English over the last two decades on conservative reactions in Britain to the French Revolution. Since the 1980s, scholars working on British conservatives in the 1790s have responded to E.P. Thompson’s call, previously taken up by students of British reformers and radicals, to pay attention to members of the middling and lower orders as participants in the political arena and not simply as objects of elite political discussion. This has led historians to discuss the problem of the active loyal citizen for late eighteenth-century Britain. That is, scholars have generally shown much more interest in loyalists below the level of the political and social elite than was the case until the 1980s; these men and women have been treated not just as objects of elite discussion, but as participants in the political process, pace Edmund Burke; Burke himself has consequently, despite the publication of major works of scholarship discussing his life and editing his writings, had his place in the political process of the 1790s queried and even reduced; and, finally, historians have been interested in the paradox of how the British state allowed and even encouraged the lower and middle orders to defend its elitist constitution. As Kevin Gilmartin put it, ‘how was public opinion mobilized in defense of a regime committed to limiting the political force of public opinion?’ While these enquiries have resulted in the mining of a great wealth of new detail about Britain in the revolutionary decade in many respects, research on the Scottish experience has only very recently begun to gather speed.
机译：抽象。本文旨在总结和评论过去二十年来英国对法国大革命的保守反应的主要英语著作。自1980年代以来，在1790年代从事英国保守派研究的学者对E.P.汤普森（Thompson）的呼吁以前是英国改革派和激进派的学生所接受的，要注意作为政治舞台的参与者，而不只是作为精英政治讨论的对象，关注中下层人士。这导致历史学家讨论了18世纪后期英国现役忠实公民的问题。就是说，与1980年代之前的情况相比，学者们对政治和社会精英阶层以下的忠诚主义者普遍表现出更大的兴趣。这些男人和女人不仅被当作精英讨论的对象，而且被视为政治进程的参与者，以埃德蒙·伯克（Edmund Burke）的步调前进。因此，伯克本人尽管发表了主要的学术著作，讨论了他的生活并编辑著作，但在1790年代的政治进程中他的地位受到质疑，甚至被削弱。最后，历史学家对英国政府如何允许甚至鼓励下层和中层秩序捍卫其精英宪法的悖论感兴趣。正如凯文·吉尔马丁（Kevin Gilmartin）所说，“如何动员舆论来捍卫一个旨在限制舆论政治力量的政权？”尽管这些查询已导致在20世纪80年代的革命十年中挖掘了关于英国的大量新细节。在许多方面，有关苏格兰经验的研究直到最近才开始加速。

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    Macleod, Emma;

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  • 年度 2005
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